Outline chapter 11

Global Communication and Propaganda
1. Propaganda
It is one of the oldest that we associate with global communication. With advances in technologies, propaganda has become important even dangerous in this modern world. It has to do with the use of communication channels, through known persuasive or manipulative techniques, in an attempt to shape or alter public opinion. Propaganda is use d through three ways
· First: government leaders with intent to mold public opinion on international issues that have bearing on a country and its people and its people often use its techniques.
· Second: the use of propaganda is an attempt to influence matters abroad, normally to reinforce perceptions of a country, its citizens, or its reputation among individuals.
· Finally, nongovernmental entities may seek access to global communication channels in order to sway public opinion or affect public policy formation.
Propaganda is associated with deceiving, campaign of lies, intimidation, manipulating and brainwash the publics. People like Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin come to mind when we talk about propaganda. Propaganda is not easy to define today, activities traditionally referred to as propaganda as public relations efforts, image consulting, the news, and information sharing by organizational spin doctors. The purpose of propaganda is to persuade and convert by using intentionally selective and biased information.
1. Origins of Propaganda
The origin of the term may be traced to the 17th century, at that time many people were leaving the church. The purpose was to supply a unifying effort over the church’s foreign mission activities and doctrine. Within a century, the term was used in condemnation of clandestine organizations that attempted to undermine or influence foreign affairs. It was not used to refer to communication media until the 20th century. Propaganda is thought of negatively in that it involves a determination of what degree of truth shall be shared. Propaganda come later to the USA and was use to recruit the large armies necessary for fighting in World War 1. After the war, communications researchers such as Walter Lippmann and Harold Lasswell pioneered the study pf propaganda techniques. they suggest that manipulation in propaganda is necessary for managing individuals in democratic societies.
2. Seeking a Definition
Doob concluded “Propaganda can be called the attempt to affect the personalities and to control behavior of individuals toward ends considered unscientific or of doubtful value in a society at a particular time”. Propaganda has to do with the use of communication channels, though known persuasive or manipulative techniques, in an attempt to shape or alter public opinion.
· Propaganda and Public Relations
Instead of propaganda, many prefer to use terms such as public relations, publicity, promotion, marketing, public affairs, and advertising. A great deal of confusion has emerged over that exactly comprises a propagandistic campaign. The germane philosopher Hegel was among the first to demonstrate the even democratic societies might be controlled through hidden persuaders are manipulators.
· Public Diplomacy
One area of government communication campaigns that raises questions today is that referred to as public diplomacy. It is called also truthful propaganda. The term first appeared in 1960’s and was use by then Dean Edward. Propaganda has been related to negative connotation, public diplomacy becomes very closely with activities emanating from the united state information agency (USAI) since it used the term when describing its mission. Its activities include production of informational and educational films plus international interactions, including academic exchanges such as Fulbright.
Research in Persuasion
Propaganda research originated near the end of the First World War and was concerned with understanding the effects of mass media propaganda upon populations subjected to it. One important finding was that prolonged and repeated exposure to specific forms of propaganda might have a marked effect on basis core values held by subjects.
Wartime Propaganda
The use of propaganda was fairly simple; according to Lasswell propaganda was important to mobilize hatred of the enemy, preserve friendship of allies, procure the cooperation of neutral nations, and demoralizes the enemy.
· Strategies of Propaganda Campaign
The year 1937 saw the creation of the Institute for propaganda, performing analysis headed by Edward Filence and designed to educate Americans about propaganda techniques, particularly the dangers and persuasiveness of political propaganda.
1. Name Calling: involves the use of labels to project an idea in a favorable or unfavorable light. Its purpose is to discourage individuals from examining substantive evidence on an issue. One frequent use of name calling comes when stereotyping is employed to paint a negative image of the opposition or enemy.
2. Glittering Generality: the tendency to associate an issue or image with a noble or virtuous term is know as glittering generalities. The use of vague terms with high moral connotations.
3. Image Transfer: when one takes the power, respect, or good reputation bestowed on an existing entity or concept, and then attempts to share these positive qualities through association with a product, individual, group, position, program, the perpetrator is hoping to benefit through the phenomenon known as image transfer.
4. Testimonial: it is when a distinguished or recognized but highly unpopular person is used to cast a product, individual, group, or position, in either a positive or negative light.
5. Plain Folks: the use comes when a communicator whishes to convince other that they or their ideas are good or valid since they are similar to everyone else, just everyday ordinary people.
6. Card Staking: it occurs when a presentation uses a selection of facts and distortions, elucidations and confusions, and both logical and illogical statements.
7. Bandwagon Approach: it involves utilization of a notion that everybody is doing it or we are all doing it so that the group members are encouraged to just join or follow that crowd.

Reflection to Assignment 3

I strongly agree with the Intel's chairman Craig Barrett in the article titled "Bridging Africa's digital divide". I believe that the existence of a technology without knowledge is useless. Having computers in a schools where nobody uses computers is a waste of money. The Training of technology should be the primary goal to achieve before introducing any technology. In Morocco for example, there is a high rate of computer literacy in some specific areas that makes the introduction of any technology a hard task to do. The citizens will not benefit from the use of technology to improve their lives styles since they can not use any technology. Training, training, and training is the key to success.

The Politics of Global Communication

The Three Substantive Domains

Since the mid 19th century, global communication has developed into an important concern on the agenda of the international community. Technological development has added new dimensions to the communication issues. In the area of telecommunication, the main issues continue to involve accessibility, allocation, and confidentiality. Global communication in the 1990s confronted the world political arena with complex and controversial policy that demanded resolution through multilateral bargaining.

The Beginning
Telecommunication : Heinrich von Stephan, an official in the postal administration of north German Confederation prepared a proposal for an international postal union. It guaranteed freedom of transit within the territory of the union and the standardization of charges to be collected by each country for letter post items addressed to any part of the union s territory. The international telegraphy union was created to secure telegraphy traffic the advantage of simple and reduced tariffs, to improve the conditions of international telegraphy, and to establish a permanent cooperation among the states.

Intellectual Property: the treaty entitled Convention Establishing a General Union for the Protection of the Rights of Authors in their Literary and Artistic Works emphases that each author shall enjoy in other countries for their work whether published or not.

Mass Media: serious concerns about the social impact of the mass communication emerged. Constructive contribution of the media to peaceful international relations generated considerable excitement. However, moral and educational concern was expressed regarding the spread of obscene publications across borders. Concern about the negative impact of the mass media also arose from the increasing use of the mass media in the course of the 19th century as instruments of foreign diplomacy. Adding to this, the recognition of the need to prevent, through rules established by common agreements, the use of broadcasting in a manner prejudicial to good international understanding.

The New Multilateral Institutions: with the creation of the united nations, a crucial group of institutions for multilateral policy evolution entered the international system. Many specialized agencies and non-governmental organizations influence the policymaking process.
Over the past decade, the arena of global communication politics has seen major changes. Among the most important ones are the following:
Today global governance system largely determines supranational the space that national governments have for independent policy making.
Global communication politics is increasingly defined by trade and market standards and eve less by political consideration with a noticeable shift from a predominantly political discourse to a largely economic trade discourse.

The World Trade Organization: the WTO was established as one of the outcomes of the GATT Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations completed in December 1993.
The WTO is generally more favorable to the trading interests of the major industrial countries than are other intergovernmental bodies.
Today s global communication market generates more than 1.6 trillion annually. This implies that the rules of free trade are applied to the three main components of the world communication market: the manufacturing of hardware, the production and distribution of software {computer programs and contents}, and the operation of networks and their services.
Current Practices: the Domain of Telecommunication
The prevailing pattern of thought that guides global politics in relation to telecommunication infrastructures is based on the following assumptions:
Telecommunication infrastructures are essential to development
The installation and upgrading of infrastructures is expensive
Private funding is needed
To attract private funding, countries will have to liberalize their telecommunication markets and adopt pro competition regulatory measures.
· For national and global telecommunication markets, the new policy implied privatization and liberation. The key policy principles for global telecommunication are liberalization of the markets to private commercial and competitive forces does not necessarily lead to accessibility and affordability of telecommunication infrastructures.
· The ITU s World Telecommunication Development Report 1997 observes: some as an opportunity, for example, will view market access, while others that are attempting to develop their own domestic telecommunication service industry might see it as a challenge and a threat to nascent local operators. ITU stated that their will be winners and losers.
· Liberalization can be defined as the opening up of markets to competition, privatization refers to the transfer of state owned institutions or assets to various degrees of private ownership. These two may be in conflict. Liberalization may clash with the desire of governments to get the highest price for their monopoly and privatization may conflict with market liberalization when the incoming operators want monopoly control for an initial period.
· One of the results of privatization is the expansion of telecommunication network.
Global Communication Politics Today: current global communication politics is dominated by a set of eight essential issues that will largely shape the future of global communication.
· Access: neoliberal agenda perceive people primarily as consumers and aspires to provide them with access to communication infrastructure. Humanitarian perceive people as citizens
· Knowledge: neoliberal agenda perceive knowledge as a commodity versus humanitarian perceive it as a public good
· Global adv:
· Privacy
· Intellectual property rights
· Trade in culture
· Concentration
· The commons

Reflection on the Second Assignement

France Launched its World TV Channel

The article highlights an important issue related to the globalization of Media. France joined the leading global television channels ( BBC and CNN) in order to cover the worldwide news. The creation of this channel will help the French to know about the global events and about all what is going on in the world. However, we have to raise one question here " is the coverage going to be done using a French perspective or a global perspective?". The president of the new French channel answered this question by saying that the Chanel is going to present the news with French eyes and the journalists stated that they are going to present the news with a French perspective. This contradiction in the way of handling the news can effect the credibility of this channel.

I think that in order to join the global battle of images, there is a need for the establishment of such channels that will present news from over the world and let people think and reflect about them. There is a need for global languages in this kind of channels as a result the French channel will surely use many languages to present the news.

Global News and Information Flow in the Internet Age

Outline chapter 6
Internet is universally characterized as a revolutionary medium as it has opened up a new world of information and communication. For instance, the International Telecommunication Union stated that by 2004, internet users had grown to nearly 700 million from around 360 million in 2000. However, at the same years three quarters of the world’s population did not own a telephone, a computer and a modem.
Origin and early history of news agencies

The first half of the 1800s, the mass market press emerged by the creation of at least three of the major Westren news agencies: Associated Press, Reuters, and Agence France-Presse. The mass market emerged as advertising became a significant source of revenue in industrialized societies. Adding to this, the rise in literacy and economic levels played an important part in this emergence.
Michael Schudson attributed the mass market to the emergence of a “democratic market society” or the “Jacksonian” or mass democracy.

Agence France-Presse
Among the oldest of the four major Western international news agencies is Agence France –Presse. It was created by Charles-Louis Havas in 1835. Havas expanded his operations by hiring more correspondents and used the newly invented telegraph for faster delivery of news.
With the control of the Nazi over the French government, the agency was part of the official Nazi news agency which was set up as a propaganda office. In 1957, the agency became independent and took the name of the Agence France-Presse.

Associated press
The Associated Press grew out of the Harbor News Association, formed by 10 men representing six News York City newspapers in 1848. The newspaper at that time competed by sending reporters out in row boats to meet the ships as they arrived in New York harbor. It opened its first overseas bureau in Nova Scotia.

Supplemental News Agencies
The major supplemental services in the US are the New York Times News Services, the Los Angles Times-Washington Post News Services, and Dow Jones Newswires.
Broadcast News Services
Reuters and Associated Press Television News and the two dominant video news agencies in the world today, after taking over the operations of Visnews and WTN, respectively. Reuters has long claimed to have the world’s largest television news services, twice the size of CNN’s international news-gathering television news services, twice the size of CNN’s international news gathering operations.

Global Newspapers, Magazines, and Broadcasters
Several newspapers, magazines, and broadcasting organizations also play a significant role as puveyors of news globally. Three newspapers that are especially valued by opinion leaders around the world are The New York Times, The Times of London, and The Guardian.
The London Times, which became a tabloid in November 2004, had a daily circulation of 682.109, and The Guardian sold 377.292 copies daily in late 2004.
Around newsmagazines, three stand out for their global reach-Time, Newsweek, and Britain’s Economist. CNN International’s biggest competitor today is BBC World. Another significant player in international television news broadcasting is Deutsche Well TV, the GERMAN Public broadcaster’s international satellite television channel. DW-TV broadcast news and public affairs programming in Germany, English, and Spanish in rotating 2 hour time slots.

News Flow Patterns: Offline and Online
Developing countries have also raised specific concerns since the 1970s regarding the pattern of news flow emerging from the dominance of Western News agencies. People are forced to see each other, and even themselves, through the medium of these agencies because they are major suppliers of news to the developing countries which raise a big concern.

Communication and culture

Outline of chapter 13

•Raymond Williams has called it “one of the three most complicated worlds in the English language.
•At the broadest level we may speak of human culture, but more frequently we refer to national culture.
•Culture and Mass Media
Mass media as a main component of any nation’s culture
.For some, they are low cultural forms
.For others, they should be examined

•What is culture industries?
The term was coined by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer
In their 1947 work, Dialetic of Enlightenment , They defined the term as “products which are tailored for consumption, are manufactured more or less according to plan”
They believed that the real pupose of mass media was to provide ideological justification for the capitalistic societies where these industries developed.

•There are specific types of culture
Business has its own set of cultural characteristics
Any organization has its own culture that keeps people attached to it and allows members to identify with it
We all belong to multiple groups, each with its own characteristics culture, including shools, religious organizations, civic groups, and even neighborhood groups

Cultural Imperialism
“It is not individual practices we are blaming, but a contextualizing structure: capitalism, not just as economic
practices, but as the central positioning of economic practices within the social ordering of collective existence”
•Some Researchers conduct different studies to know the reaction of people on imported media
•Ethnographic Studies: It is conducted through observation of small samples and draw conclusions about what the relationships the researcher thinks a given behavior has with the consumption of imported media.
•Self Selected Sample: responses to an ad in a Dutch newspaper requesting information from people about why they like Dallas.
•Liebes and Katz study: most extensive empirical study, but it included only 40-80 people selected non-randomly from each community.

defending cultural autonomy

•Countries with large domestic markets for cultural products always have an advantage in films and television production because they are:
•able to charge less
•able to remain competitive with other exports
–Countries with low productions markets employ these strategies:
»Quotas
»Subsidies and Grants
»Regional alliances (co-productions)
»Adaptations of programs produced in other cultures
»Resistance measures

•Despite an international film and television market dominated by the U.S., people still tend to prefer their local cultures and local cultural products
•In India, Japan, Russia, and Brazil, 70-90% of television content is produced domestically
•Bollywood music and movies appeal to larger audiences, Indian and non-Indian alike, throughout the world
–Hollywood collaborates with Bollywood to make Indian-style films for Indian market
Music
•Germany has the world’s third largest music market after the U.S. and Japan
•About half of music sales in Spain is Latin American and Spanish artists and half of French music sales are to French artists
•Spanish/Latin music is also popular in U.S. pop culture

How is Media influencing Cultural Media
•It is possible for people to access global media
•People address only a particular ethnic, religious, political, linguistic, and racial interest
Result: We stop learning about others and focus only on ourselves and those who are like us

Fusion in the Media
•Roberston disputes the notion of media imperialism
– cultural messages sent from the U.S to other cultures are differentially received and interpreted according to the local cultural context
– U.S produced films and TV programs to a global market because they need the international market to be profiatble
– National cultural resources end up being interpreted and consumed in a local way and no longer belong to the culture where they originate
–Ideas and cultural products flow from the ‘periphery’ to the ‘center’ .

Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication

Outline of chapter 1
Geography of space is your location geographically. Today how people are located is not isolated as it used to be.Nowadays, we moved to the space of experience. This one enables people to be connected due to the space of flows.The space of flows is a term used by Manuel Kaster. It is defined as the material and the immaterial components of the global information networks through which more economy is connectedGeography and mythical
Frances Cairncross argued that the speed of COM creating a world where the miles have little to do with our ability to result from these trends. Example we have diminishing need to emigration.System of COM

They are informal networks of travelers and traders that resulted in a trade and culture exchanges. In the past trade existed with traditional means like books, now the means changed. Mapmaking was an integral part of COM history. Two reasons behind that: business and military for expansionBenedic Anderson argued the idea of imagined communities that gives a detailed analysis of nation building projects and their relationship to print media.

Growth of telegraph:
in the 19C expanding system of imperial COM, made the transmission of information rapid ensured secrecy and protection.The Era of new agencies: the essential agencies are: French Havas Agency, Germany Agency Wolff, British Reuters.In 1945, the flow of information moved from London to New York.
The rise of Reuters:
relationship between capital, the control, and the influence on information.
Radio:
cheap and could be sold as a mass scale compared with telegraphRadio was first used by Nazi German then by other including leaders of the Arab states like Naser. Radio Sawa is used by the US to target new audience when in the past US used radio in Europe against the Soviets. Al hora is used also by Americans to promote their ideas and ideology in the Middle East.