France Launched its World TV Channel
The article highlights an important issue related to the globalization of Media. France joined the leading global television channels ( BBC and CNN) in order to cover the worldwide news. The creation of this channel will help the French to know about the global events and about all what is going on in the world. However, we have to raise one question here " is the coverage going to be done using a French perspective or a global perspective?". The president of the new French channel answered this question by saying that the Chanel is going to present the news with French eyes and the journalists stated that they are going to present the news with a French perspective. This contradiction in the way of handling the news can effect the credibility of this channel.
I think that in order to join the global battle of images, there is a need for the establishment of such channels that will present news from over the world and let people think and reflect about them. There is a need for global languages in this kind of channels as a result the French channel will surely use many languages to present the news.
Saturday, October 20, 2007
Global News and Information Flow in the Internet Age
Outline chapter 6
Internet is universally characterized as a revolutionary medium as it has opened up a new world of information and communication. For instance, the International Telecommunication Union stated that by 2004, internet users had grown to nearly 700 million from around 360 million in 2000. However, at the same years three quarters of the world’s population did not own a telephone, a computer and a modem.
Origin and early history of news agencies
The first half of the 1800s, the mass market press emerged by the creation of at least three of the major Westren news agencies: Associated Press, Reuters, and Agence France-Presse. The mass market emerged as advertising became a significant source of revenue in industrialized societies. Adding to this, the rise in literacy and economic levels played an important part in this emergence.
Michael Schudson attributed the mass market to the emergence of a “democratic market society” or the “Jacksonian” or mass democracy.
Agence France-Presse
Among the oldest of the four major Western international news agencies is Agence France –Presse. It was created by Charles-Louis Havas in 1835. Havas expanded his operations by hiring more correspondents and used the newly invented telegraph for faster delivery of news.
With the control of the Nazi over the French government, the agency was part of the official Nazi news agency which was set up as a propaganda office. In 1957, the agency became independent and took the name of the Agence France-Presse.
Associated press
The Associated Press grew out of the Harbor News Association, formed by 10 men representing six News York City newspapers in 1848. The newspaper at that time competed by sending reporters out in row boats to meet the ships as they arrived in New York harbor. It opened its first overseas bureau in Nova Scotia.
Supplemental News Agencies
The major supplemental services in the US are the New York Times News Services, the Los Angles Times-Washington Post News Services, and Dow Jones Newswires.
Broadcast News Services
Reuters and Associated Press Television News and the two dominant video news agencies in the world today, after taking over the operations of Visnews and WTN, respectively. Reuters has long claimed to have the world’s largest television news services, twice the size of CNN’s international news-gathering television news services, twice the size of CNN’s international news gathering operations.
Global Newspapers, Magazines, and Broadcasters
Several newspapers, magazines, and broadcasting organizations also play a significant role as puveyors of news globally. Three newspapers that are especially valued by opinion leaders around the world are The New York Times, The Times of London, and The Guardian.
The London Times, which became a tabloid in November 2004, had a daily circulation of 682.109, and The Guardian sold 377.292 copies daily in late 2004.
Around newsmagazines, three stand out for their global reach-Time, Newsweek, and Britain’s Economist. CNN International’s biggest competitor today is BBC World. Another significant player in international television news broadcasting is Deutsche Well TV, the GERMAN Public broadcaster’s international satellite television channel. DW-TV broadcast news and public affairs programming in Germany, English, and Spanish in rotating 2 hour time slots.
News Flow Patterns: Offline and Online
Developing countries have also raised specific concerns since the 1970s regarding the pattern of news flow emerging from the dominance of Western News agencies. People are forced to see each other, and even themselves, through the medium of these agencies because they are major suppliers of news to the developing countries which raise a big concern.
Internet is universally characterized as a revolutionary medium as it has opened up a new world of information and communication. For instance, the International Telecommunication Union stated that by 2004, internet users had grown to nearly 700 million from around 360 million in 2000. However, at the same years three quarters of the world’s population did not own a telephone, a computer and a modem.
Origin and early history of news agencies
The first half of the 1800s, the mass market press emerged by the creation of at least three of the major Westren news agencies: Associated Press, Reuters, and Agence France-Presse. The mass market emerged as advertising became a significant source of revenue in industrialized societies. Adding to this, the rise in literacy and economic levels played an important part in this emergence.
Michael Schudson attributed the mass market to the emergence of a “democratic market society” or the “Jacksonian” or mass democracy.
Agence France-Presse
Among the oldest of the four major Western international news agencies is Agence France –Presse. It was created by Charles-Louis Havas in 1835. Havas expanded his operations by hiring more correspondents and used the newly invented telegraph for faster delivery of news.
With the control of the Nazi over the French government, the agency was part of the official Nazi news agency which was set up as a propaganda office. In 1957, the agency became independent and took the name of the Agence France-Presse.
Associated press
The Associated Press grew out of the Harbor News Association, formed by 10 men representing six News York City newspapers in 1848. The newspaper at that time competed by sending reporters out in row boats to meet the ships as they arrived in New York harbor. It opened its first overseas bureau in Nova Scotia.
Supplemental News Agencies
The major supplemental services in the US are the New York Times News Services, the Los Angles Times-Washington Post News Services, and Dow Jones Newswires.
Broadcast News Services
Reuters and Associated Press Television News and the two dominant video news agencies in the world today, after taking over the operations of Visnews and WTN, respectively. Reuters has long claimed to have the world’s largest television news services, twice the size of CNN’s international news-gathering television news services, twice the size of CNN’s international news gathering operations.
Global Newspapers, Magazines, and Broadcasters
Several newspapers, magazines, and broadcasting organizations also play a significant role as puveyors of news globally. Three newspapers that are especially valued by opinion leaders around the world are The New York Times, The Times of London, and The Guardian.
The London Times, which became a tabloid in November 2004, had a daily circulation of 682.109, and The Guardian sold 377.292 copies daily in late 2004.
Around newsmagazines, three stand out for their global reach-Time, Newsweek, and Britain’s Economist. CNN International’s biggest competitor today is BBC World. Another significant player in international television news broadcasting is Deutsche Well TV, the GERMAN Public broadcaster’s international satellite television channel. DW-TV broadcast news and public affairs programming in Germany, English, and Spanish in rotating 2 hour time slots.
News Flow Patterns: Offline and Online
Developing countries have also raised specific concerns since the 1970s regarding the pattern of news flow emerging from the dominance of Western News agencies. People are forced to see each other, and even themselves, through the medium of these agencies because they are major suppliers of news to the developing countries which raise a big concern.
Communication and culture
Outline of chapter 13
•Raymond Williams has called it “one of the three most complicated worlds in the English language.
•At the broadest level we may speak of human culture, but more frequently we refer to national culture.
•Culture and Mass Media
Mass media as a main component of any nation’s culture
.For some, they are low cultural forms
.For others, they should be examined
•What is culture industries?
The term was coined by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer
In their 1947 work, Dialetic of Enlightenment , They defined the term as “products which are tailored for consumption, are manufactured more or less according to plan”
They believed that the real pupose of mass media was to provide ideological justification for the capitalistic societies where these industries developed.
•There are specific types of culture
Business has its own set of cultural characteristics
Any organization has its own culture that keeps people attached to it and allows members to identify with it
We all belong to multiple groups, each with its own characteristics culture, including shools, religious organizations, civic groups, and even neighborhood groups
Cultural Imperialism
“It is not individual practices we are blaming, but a contextualizing structure: capitalism, not just as economic
practices, but as the central positioning of economic practices within the social ordering of collective existence”
•Some Researchers conduct different studies to know the reaction of people on imported media
•Ethnographic Studies: It is conducted through observation of small samples and draw conclusions about what the relationships the researcher thinks a given behavior has with the consumption of imported media.
•Self Selected Sample: responses to an ad in a Dutch newspaper requesting information from people about why they like Dallas.
•Liebes and Katz study: most extensive empirical study, but it included only 40-80 people selected non-randomly from each community.
defending cultural autonomy
•Countries with large domestic markets for cultural products always have an advantage in films and television production because they are:
•able to charge less
•able to remain competitive with other exports
–Countries with low productions markets employ these strategies:
»Quotas
»Subsidies and Grants
»Regional alliances (co-productions)
»Adaptations of programs produced in other cultures
»Resistance measures
•Despite an international film and television market dominated by the U.S., people still tend to prefer their local cultures and local cultural products
•In India, Japan, Russia, and Brazil, 70-90% of television content is produced domestically
•Bollywood music and movies appeal to larger audiences, Indian and non-Indian alike, throughout the world
–Hollywood collaborates with Bollywood to make Indian-style films for Indian market
Music
•Germany has the world’s third largest music market after the U.S. and Japan
•About half of music sales in Spain is Latin American and Spanish artists and half of French music sales are to French artists
•Spanish/Latin music is also popular in U.S. pop culture
How is Media influencing Cultural Media
•It is possible for people to access global media
•People address only a particular ethnic, religious, political, linguistic, and racial interest
Result: We stop learning about others and focus only on ourselves and those who are like us
Fusion in the Media
•Roberston disputes the notion of media imperialism
– cultural messages sent from the U.S to other cultures are differentially received and interpreted according to the local cultural context
– U.S produced films and TV programs to a global market because they need the international market to be profiatble
– National cultural resources end up being interpreted and consumed in a local way and no longer belong to the culture where they originate
–Ideas and cultural products flow from the ‘periphery’ to the ‘center’ .
•Raymond Williams has called it “one of the three most complicated worlds in the English language.
•At the broadest level we may speak of human culture, but more frequently we refer to national culture.
•Culture and Mass Media
Mass media as a main component of any nation’s culture
.For some, they are low cultural forms
.For others, they should be examined
•What is culture industries?
The term was coined by Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer
In their 1947 work, Dialetic of Enlightenment , They defined the term as “products which are tailored for consumption, are manufactured more or less according to plan”
They believed that the real pupose of mass media was to provide ideological justification for the capitalistic societies where these industries developed.
•There are specific types of culture
Business has its own set of cultural characteristics
Any organization has its own culture that keeps people attached to it and allows members to identify with it
We all belong to multiple groups, each with its own characteristics culture, including shools, religious organizations, civic groups, and even neighborhood groups
Cultural Imperialism
“It is not individual practices we are blaming, but a contextualizing structure: capitalism, not just as economic
practices, but as the central positioning of economic practices within the social ordering of collective existence”
•Some Researchers conduct different studies to know the reaction of people on imported media
•Ethnographic Studies: It is conducted through observation of small samples and draw conclusions about what the relationships the researcher thinks a given behavior has with the consumption of imported media.
•Self Selected Sample: responses to an ad in a Dutch newspaper requesting information from people about why they like Dallas.
•Liebes and Katz study: most extensive empirical study, but it included only 40-80 people selected non-randomly from each community.
defending cultural autonomy
•Countries with large domestic markets for cultural products always have an advantage in films and television production because they are:
•able to charge less
•able to remain competitive with other exports
–Countries with low productions markets employ these strategies:
»Quotas
»Subsidies and Grants
»Regional alliances (co-productions)
»Adaptations of programs produced in other cultures
»Resistance measures
•Despite an international film and television market dominated by the U.S., people still tend to prefer their local cultures and local cultural products
•In India, Japan, Russia, and Brazil, 70-90% of television content is produced domestically
•Bollywood music and movies appeal to larger audiences, Indian and non-Indian alike, throughout the world
–Hollywood collaborates with Bollywood to make Indian-style films for Indian market
Music
•Germany has the world’s third largest music market after the U.S. and Japan
•About half of music sales in Spain is Latin American and Spanish artists and half of French music sales are to French artists
•Spanish/Latin music is also popular in U.S. pop culture
How is Media influencing Cultural Media
•It is possible for people to access global media
•People address only a particular ethnic, religious, political, linguistic, and racial interest
Result: We stop learning about others and focus only on ourselves and those who are like us
Fusion in the Media
•Roberston disputes the notion of media imperialism
– cultural messages sent from the U.S to other cultures are differentially received and interpreted according to the local cultural context
– U.S produced films and TV programs to a global market because they need the international market to be profiatble
– National cultural resources end up being interpreted and consumed in a local way and no longer belong to the culture where they originate
–Ideas and cultural products flow from the ‘periphery’ to the ‘center’ .
Following the Historical Paths of Global Communication
Outline of chapter 1
Geography of space is your location geographically. Today how people are located is not isolated as it used to be.Nowadays, we moved to the space of experience. This one enables people to be connected due to the space of flows.The space of flows is a term used by Manuel Kaster. It is defined as the material and the immaterial components of the global information networks through which more economy is connectedGeography and mythical
Frances Cairncross argued that the speed of COM creating a world where the miles have little to do with our ability to result from these trends. Example we have diminishing need to emigration.System of COM
They are informal networks of travelers and traders that resulted in a trade and culture exchanges. In the past trade existed with traditional means like books, now the means changed. Mapmaking was an integral part of COM history. Two reasons behind that: business and military for expansionBenedic Anderson argued the idea of imagined communities that gives a detailed analysis of nation building projects and their relationship to print media.
Growth of telegraph:
in the 19C expanding system of imperial COM, made the transmission of information rapid ensured secrecy and protection.The Era of new agencies: the essential agencies are: French Havas Agency, Germany Agency Wolff, British Reuters.In 1945, the flow of information moved from London to New York.
The rise of Reuters:
relationship between capital, the control, and the influence on information.
Radio:
cheap and could be sold as a mass scale compared with telegraphRadio was first used by Nazi German then by other including leaders of the Arab states like Naser. Radio Sawa is used by the US to target new audience when in the past US used radio in Europe against the Soviets. Al hora is used also by Americans to promote their ideas and ideology in the Middle East.
Geography of space is your location geographically. Today how people are located is not isolated as it used to be.Nowadays, we moved to the space of experience. This one enables people to be connected due to the space of flows.The space of flows is a term used by Manuel Kaster. It is defined as the material and the immaterial components of the global information networks through which more economy is connectedGeography and mythical
Frances Cairncross argued that the speed of COM creating a world where the miles have little to do with our ability to result from these trends. Example we have diminishing need to emigration.System of COM
They are informal networks of travelers and traders that resulted in a trade and culture exchanges. In the past trade existed with traditional means like books, now the means changed. Mapmaking was an integral part of COM history. Two reasons behind that: business and military for expansionBenedic Anderson argued the idea of imagined communities that gives a detailed analysis of nation building projects and their relationship to print media.
Growth of telegraph:
in the 19C expanding system of imperial COM, made the transmission of information rapid ensured secrecy and protection.The Era of new agencies: the essential agencies are: French Havas Agency, Germany Agency Wolff, British Reuters.In 1945, the flow of information moved from London to New York.
The rise of Reuters:
relationship between capital, the control, and the influence on information.
Radio:
cheap and could be sold as a mass scale compared with telegraphRadio was first used by Nazi German then by other including leaders of the Arab states like Naser. Radio Sawa is used by the US to target new audience when in the past US used radio in Europe against the Soviets. Al hora is used also by Americans to promote their ideas and ideology in the Middle East.
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